hormonal regulation of glucose.
normal blood glucose -fasting blood sugar=60-80 mg/100ml
random blood sugar=80-120mgm%
post prandial blood sugar- 120-140mgm%
role liver as a glucostatic organ-
- when glucose content in blood is excess it is converted in to glycogen by glycogenesis and is stored in liver
- during rigorous exercise and dieting this glycogen stored in liver and muscle converted by glycogenolysis
hypoglycemic hormone
1)insulin
hyperglycemic hormone
1)glucagon
2)adrenaline
3)T4
4)GH,ACTH
islet of langerhans:
secretes-A cells-glucagon
B cells -insulin
γ cells -somatostatin
δ cells -pancreatic polypeptide
,:-
-hypo glycemic in action
-uptake of glucose increases peripheral utilisation of glucose by all the cells except brain cells and RBC.
-excess of glucose is converted to glycogen -glycogenesis.
-prevents breakdown of glycogen to glucose
-prevents gluconeogenesis
therefore glucose level is decreased to 80 mg/100ml
glucagon-
-hypoglycemic in action in action.
-decreases in peripheral utilisation of glucose.
-glycogenolysis is facilitated .
-it facilitates gluconeogenesis.
adrenaline.
-hyperglycemic in action .
-glycogenolysis is facilitated from liver but also from muscles.
thyroxine-
hyperglycemic in action
-increased absorption of glucose inGIT.
-BMR
increases -gluconeogenesis.
-growth hormone.-
-hyperglycemic in action
-decrease in peripheral utilisation
-fats breakdown.
normal blood glucose -fasting blood sugar=60-80 mg/100ml
random blood sugar=80-120mgm%
post prandial blood sugar- 120-140mgm%
role liver as a glucostatic organ-
- when glucose content in blood is excess it is converted in to glycogen by glycogenesis and is stored in liver
- during rigorous exercise and dieting this glycogen stored in liver and muscle converted by glycogenolysis
hypoglycemic hormone
1)insulin
hyperglycemic hormone
1)glucagon
2)adrenaline
3)T4
4)GH,ACTH
islet of langerhans:
secretes-A cells-glucagon
B cells -insulin
γ cells -somatostatin
δ cells -pancreatic polypeptide
,:-
-hypo glycemic in action
-uptake of glucose increases peripheral utilisation of glucose by all the cells except brain cells and RBC.
-excess of glucose is converted to glycogen -glycogenesis.
-prevents breakdown of glycogen to glucose
-prevents gluconeogenesis
therefore glucose level is decreased to 80 mg/100ml
glucagon-
-hypoglycemic in action in action.
-decreases in peripheral utilisation of glucose.
-glycogenolysis is facilitated .
-it facilitates gluconeogenesis.
adrenaline.
-hyperglycemic in action .
-glycogenolysis is facilitated from liver but also from muscles.
thyroxine-
hyperglycemic in action
-increased absorption of glucose inGIT.
-BMR
increases -gluconeogenesis.
-growth hormone.-
-hyperglycemic in action
-decrease in peripheral utilisation
-fats breakdown.
ACTH and cortisol-
hyperglycemic in acton
-breakdown of fat.
-mobilisation -which helps in increasing glucose level.
abnormalities-
1)diabetes melitus-either total absence/relative absence of insulin.
type1:-
1)named as juvenile onset
starts at 12-13 years
-cause -total absence
-insulin injection is only treatment.
purely hereditary
-called as insulin dependent diabetes.
type2-
maturity onset
stars after 40 years
-relative absence of insulin.
-treatment:-exercise,diet,antidiabetic drugs.
-insulin independent diabetes melitus
symptoms:-
blood glucose level is always high >180mg/100ml
-glycosuria
-polyurea.
-polydipsia
-poor wound healing
-loss of weight
-prone to skin infection
Adrenal gland:-
adrenaline cortex-zona glomerulosa-mineralocorticoids eg:- aldosterone
-zona fasciculata-glucocorticosteroids eg:-cortisol
-zona reticularis-sex steroids
-all three steroid/cholesterol
-adrenal medulla-adrenaline/epinephrine
-nor adrenaline
-dopamine
physiological effect:-
1)aldosterone called as life saving hormone it maintains sodium concentration N.V-300 -350MG%
-aldosterone acts on 1 st part renal tubule -PCT and henle's loop- helps in reabsorption of Na ions. along that chlorine ae also reabsorbed.
NACL are osmotically -active reabsorption of H2O
- to maintain electrolyte balance -potassium is lost in urine ,sometimes instead of H+
lost in urine.
-maintain acid-base balance.
-maintain the blood volume.
regulation of secretion aldosterone.
-renin angiotensin pathway-blood volume decreases,aldosterone increases
-circadian rhythm -on day,secretion increases
- on night secretion decreases
-when sodium concentration in blood decreases -aldosterone increases
-ACTH increases aldosterone increases negative feedback.
abnormality:-
conn's syndrome-hyperaldosteronism
symptoms:-
-hypervolema
-blood pressure increases
-potassium content in blood decreases leads to hypokalemia.
-alkalosis
aldosterone escape:-
due to increase in aldosterone it will lead to increase in blood volume which will lead to increase in B.P.,GRR increases ,loss of H2O sodium through urine ,aldosterone escape.
glucocorticoids:-
eg:-cortisol hormone .etc
source-zona fasciculata
-has role in glucose/ carbohydrate metabolism
physiological action:-
1)anti inflammatory action as in case of rheumatoid arthritis
2)steroids are given for pain relief
-immune suppressive action-organ/tissue transplantation -before surgery an injection is given becuase it reduces lymphocytes count until the body accepts
-anti allergic action-used in case of nasal drops.
reduces eosinophil count which decreases histamine release
-anti stress action -ACTH increases which in turns increases cortisol-reduce stress.
-glucose/carbohydrate metabolism-hyperglycemia in action-breakdown of fats and proteins
if secretion is increases -steroid diabetic condition.
-protein metabolism.
-fat metabolism-when excess breakdown of fats,mobilization -centripetal distribution of fats.
-effect on blood and CVS-lymphocyte count decreases so, therefore eosinophil count decreases
blood volume increases,B.P increases.
-Respiratory system-in case of premature baby it is administered for synthesis of surfactant-7th-9 th month
-GIT- continues uses of steroids lead to gastric ulcer.
abnormalities:-
cushing's syndrome:-
cause increased hyper secretion of cortisol.
symptom:-1)moon face2)buffalo's hump3)pendular abdomen.
reason:-due to breakdown of fats -mobilization of fats -redistribution of fats
-steroid diabetes -hyper glycemia
-increased blood volume
-increased B.P
-hypokalemia
-alkalosis.
Addison's disease.:-
cause:-hyposecreation of cortisol.
symptom:-hypoglycemia,
decreased blood volume
decreased B.P.
hyperkalemia.
-Acidosis.
Adrenal medulla.:-
catecholamine-adrenaline
-nor adrenaline.
-Dopamine.
-Act as neurotransmitter
-called as emergency hormone.
physiological action:-
heart rate ,b.p increases,vasodilation with hot sweating.
-glycogenolysis-from liver and muscles.
-pupil dilation.
-inhibits micturition by relaxation of of detrosal muscle of urinary bladder and constriction of internal urethral sphincter .
-inhibit GIT movement defecation reflex is also inhibited.
-piloerection
abnormalities.-
pheochromocytoma-
cause- secretion of adrenaline increased
symptom-anxiety
-palpitation
-head ache
-fatigue
-increased B.P.
Zona reticularis:- androstenedione-testosterone-if in female it increases virilism(hoarseness of voice ,hair in face,muscular growth.
-oestrogen-in male-gynecomastia-(feminine characteristic.)
pituitary gland:-
glucocorticoids:-
eg:-cortisol hormone .etc
source-zona fasciculata
-has role in glucose/ carbohydrate metabolism
physiological action:-
1)anti inflammatory action as in case of rheumatoid arthritis
2)steroids are given for pain relief
-immune suppressive action-organ/tissue transplantation -before surgery an injection is given becuase it reduces lymphocytes count until the body accepts
-anti allergic action-used in case of nasal drops.
reduces eosinophil count which decreases histamine release
-anti stress action -ACTH increases which in turns increases cortisol-reduce stress.
-glucose/carbohydrate metabolism-hyperglycemia in action-breakdown of fats and proteins
if secretion is increases -steroid diabetic condition.
-protein metabolism.
-fat metabolism-when excess breakdown of fats,mobilization -centripetal distribution of fats.
-effect on blood and CVS-lymphocyte count decreases so, therefore eosinophil count decreases
blood volume increases,B.P increases.
-Respiratory system-in case of premature baby it is administered for synthesis of surfactant-7th-9 th month
-GIT- continues uses of steroids lead to gastric ulcer.
abnormalities:-
cushing's syndrome:-
cause increased hyper secretion of cortisol.
symptom:-1)moon face2)buffalo's hump3)pendular abdomen.
reason:-due to breakdown of fats -mobilization of fats -redistribution of fats
-steroid diabetes -hyper glycemia
-increased blood volume
-increased B.P
-hypokalemia
-alkalosis.
Addison's disease.:-
cause:-hyposecreation of cortisol.
symptom:-hypoglycemia,
decreased blood volume
decreased B.P.
hyperkalemia.
-Acidosis.
Adrenal medulla.:-
catecholamine-adrenaline
-nor adrenaline.
-Dopamine.
-Act as neurotransmitter
-called as emergency hormone.
physiological action:-
heart rate ,b.p increases,vasodilation with hot sweating.
-glycogenolysis-from liver and muscles.
-pupil dilation.
-inhibits micturition by relaxation of of detrosal muscle of urinary bladder and constriction of internal urethral sphincter .
-inhibit GIT movement defecation reflex is also inhibited.
-piloerection
abnormalities.-
pheochromocytoma-
cause- secretion of adrenaline increased
symptom-anxiety
-palpitation
-head ache
-fatigue
-increased B.P.
Zona reticularis:- androstenedione-testosterone-if in female it increases virilism(hoarseness of voice ,hair in face,muscular growth.
-oestrogen-in male-gynecomastia-(feminine characteristic.)
pituitary gland:-
Hormones of adenohypophysis:_
growth hormone:-growth of bone muscle and viscera
-PRL---secretion of milk.
-TSH----regulation of secretion of T3,T4.
-ACTH---- regulation of secretion of adrenocortical hormone..
-FSH--- growth and development of graafian follicle and spermatogenesis in males.
LH---stimulation of leydig cells for secretion of male sex hormone,stimulation of ovulation.
-MSH---Stimulation of melanocytes for melanin..
Hormones of neurohypophysis.:_
ADH---Reabsorption ofH2o in renal tubule ,vasoconstriction and BP regulation..
-oxytocin--Parturition ,ejection of milk..
Growth hormone:-physiological action:-
-growth of bone,muscle and viscera..
Bone -chondrogenesis is increased ,increased retention of calcium ,increased absorption of calcium..
muscle and viscera :anabolic hormone,positive nitrogen balance is maintained..sites of protein synthesis are increased.
-hyperglycemic in action .incase of increased secretion it will lead to a condition called pituitary diabetics.
-growth hormone will increase while sleeping,exercising ,and eating protein rich diet
-growth hormone is deceased -growth inhibitory factor,somatostatin
abnormalities:-
Dwarfism.
cause hypersecretion GH
Symptoms:-physically stunted growth -but mentally and sexually fit .proportionate body.
-gigantism:-
cause-hypersecretion .
symptom:-skeletal and muscle growth which will lead to giant-like appearance.
proportionate body -mentally and sexually fit.
-acromegaly..
cause-hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults
symptoms-extremities enlarge -palm sole skull bone , enlarged wrist.
disproportionate body..
prognathism.
primitive man like appearance
saluting forehead ,lips,thickened earlobes.
widening of vertebrae-hungebacks.
Posterior pituitary .:-
-ADH-
-produced by supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus
-physiological action:-
decreased urine output-reabsorption of H20-
.vasoconstriction-when BP is low ,it regulates to the normal B.P
.when ADH secretion is increased -haemorrhage,post surgery,too much of dehydration due to vomiting/diarrhea.
ADH secretion is deceased in alcoholics.
abnormalities:-
1)diabetes insipidus-
cause:-hypersecretion of ADH.
symptom.:-polyurea,specific gravity of urine is low ,no glucose in urine
]2)diabetes mellitus :-
cause-hypersecretion of insulin.
symptom:polyurea,specific gravity of urine is low, no glucose in urine .
Oxytocin:-
produced from paraventricular nucleus
physiological action:-role in parturition
in ejection milk also called as neuro-endocrine reflex/milk ejection reflex.
stimulus-sucking by infant-afferent limb-carried to hypothalamus-efferent limb-acts on myoepithelial line cells-ducts and alveoli-mammary gland.
response:-ejection of milk.
--transfer of sperms in the female genital area.
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