regulation of respiration:-
the adjustment of respiratory rate depending on need of metabolic activity is called as regulation of respiration.
necessity:-to maintain partial pressure in blood.
-to maintain pco2
-methods;-
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Schematic representation of respiratory center
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Significance:-
Destruction of alveoli is prevented and protected by this during inspiration
-preventing alveoli collapsing during expiration
-compression during respiration inspiration
Respiratory center features:-
RC is placed bilaterally.
-they communicate with each other on the same site and also with the center of the other half.
-respiratory center show rhythmicity
-shows reciprocal inhibition.
Both are situated in medulla oblongata
Going through apneustic center meant for prolonged inspiration but it is inhibited by pneumotaxic center
Pneumotaxic center is situated in pones meant for alignment of ventilation therefore always send inhibitory impulses to inspiratory center and impulse to expiratory center
Factors influencing R.C:-
I)reflexes-hering breuer inflation reflex
-deglutition reflex
-sneezing reflex
-ii)drugs:-
-anesthesia
-nicotine
-caffein
iii)higher center
-central cortex and hypothalamus
-breath holding,forceful inspiration
iv)receptors
-stretch receptor ,compression receptors
-in joint muscles-muscle spindles golgi tendon organ
Hering breurs’ inflation reflex:-
Prevents total collapse of alveoli and discontinuation alveoli during inspiration.
-whenever alveoli get over distended ie)tidal volume is greater than 1500 ml ,stretch receptors within the alveoli send -ve impulses to apneustic center inspiration is inhibited.
Herring brewers’s deflation reflex:-
-during expiration to prevent total collapse of the alveoli the compression receptors within alveoli send +ve impulse to apneustic center to start with inspiration.
Chemoreceptors:-
Which are present in medulla oblongata and systemic arteries
i)central chemoreceptor
ii)peripheral chemoreceptors:-
Central chemoreceptor:-
-send impulses because of change in components of CSF
-MORE sensitivity to hypercapnia than hypoxia
Peripheral chemoreceptor:-
Send impulse due to change in composition of blood
More sensitive to hypoxia than hypercapnia
Abnormal pattern of breathing:-
1)hypoxia decreased content of 02 in tissues and blood
Types::-
Symptoms:-nausea ,headache ,dizziness,blackout,cyanosis
Treatment :-
Find out underlying condition of hypoxia
Hypotonic o2 therapy
cyanosis:-HHb reduced more than 5gm/d
In anemia:-Hb concentration is less than 5gm/dl
Therefore no cyanosis
Conditions:-
Asphyxia:_
Condition:-drowning,hanging,strangulation.
3 stages:-
i)hyperventilation because of co2 is increased
ii)Convulsion:-pupillary dilation,reflexes exaggerated
iii)depression of respiratory center
Treatment :-cardiopulmonary artificial respiration
3)dyspnea :-
Condition:-pathological ,physiological,,psychological.
Dyspneic index=max volume ventilation(MVV)-respiratory maximum ventilation/MVV*100
NORMAL VALUE 85%
Below 70%person is dyspneic
Acute mountain sickness:-
At higher altitude-po2 decreases causing hypoxia
At 1000ft 1 atm pressure decreases
Symptoms -nausea,dizziness ,giddiness ,loss of appetite,bloatedness,rashes on skin.
Acclimatization:-ability to body to adjust in altered environment condition like in higher altitudes
12000-13000ft body adjust
-increases erythropoiesis
-cytochrome oxidase increases-for o2 utilisation
-2,3,diphosphoglycerate increases -o2 dissociation more release of o2
-more blood supply to vital organs and to non vital organs
Drivers palsy:-(decompression sickness):-
Condition characterised by increased barometric pressure
From Every 33ft 1 atm pressure is increased during descend gases in body get dissolved
O2 Utilised by tissue while co2 easily soluble and gets concentrated into bicarbonate
-during ascend N2 bubble are formed in blood and cause emboli which block major arteries
Symptoms:-
Severe pain in muscle,
Transmission of nerve impulse is affected
-N2 act as anesthetic agent
-temporary paralysis
Treatment:_
SCUBA apparatus
-rapid ascend should be avoided
-decompression
Periodic breathing:-cyclic pattern of breathing where normal ventilation is followed by apnea
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